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Many research studies over the past two decades have examined the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of depression. The early studies contributed important infomation about aspects of effective dose, stimulation parameters, safety, and tolerability. The meta-analytic review paper by Gross and colleagues (2007) helps summarize much of this work. The papers by O'Reardon et al (2007), Janicak et al (2008), Avery et al (2008), and Lisanby et al (2009) present findings from studies using the Neuronetics NeuroStar system.

Gross M, Nakamura L, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. "Has repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression improved? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the recent vs. the earlier rTMS studies." Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Sep; 116(3):165-73. abstract

O'Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, Sampson S, Isenberg KE, Nahas Z, McDonald WM, Avery D, Fitzgerald PB, Loo C, Demitrack MA, George MS, Sackeim HA. "Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial." Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec 1; 62(11):1208-16. abstract

Janicak PG, O'Reardon JP, Sampson SM, Husain MM, Lisanby SH, Rado JT, Heart KL, Demitrack MA. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a comprehensive summary of safety experience from acute exposure, extended exposure, and during reintroduction treatment." J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Feb; 69(2):222-32. abstract

Avery DH, Isenberg KE, Sampson SM, Janicak PG, Lisanby SH, Maixner DF, Loo C, Thase ME, Demitrack MA, George MS. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder: clinical response in an open-label extension trial." J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Mar; 69(3):441-51. abstract

Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB, Maixner D, Gutierrez R, Krystal A, Gilmer W, Marangell LB, Aaronson S, Daskalakis ZJ, Canterbury R, Richelson E, Sackeim HA, George MS. "Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial." Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jan; 34(2):522-34. abstract